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Ethnobotanical
Leaflets 12: 305-310. 2008. Ethnobotany
of Andhra Pradesh: A Review K.N. Reddy Laila Impex R&D Centre, Unit-I, Phase- Jawahar Autonagar, Issued ABSTRACT This paper reviews the work done so
far in the ethnobotany of Andhra Pradesh. OVERVIEW Plants
have been used both in the prevention and cure of various diseases of humans
and their pets. With the advent of
human civilization, many systems of therapy have been developed primarily
based on plants. Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Sidda, Unani, etc. are our traditional
systems of medicines. The plant-based
traditional medical systems continue to provide the primary health care to more than three-quarters of the world’s
populace. The World Health Organization has estimated that over 80% of the
global population rely chiefly on traditional medicine (Akerele 1992). Indigenous herbal treatment is a part of the culture and
dominant mode of therapy in most of the developing countries. These
traditional phytoremedies, with a considerable extent of effectiveness, are
socially accepted, economically viable and mostly are the only available
means. Still, one-third of the modern pharmaceutical preparations have
botanical origin. International trade on medicinal plants is, therefore,
increasing rapidly mainly as result of intensified adoption of crude extracts
for self-medication by the general public in the developed countries. In Ethnobotanical
research can provide a wealth of information regarding both past and present
relationships between plants and the traditional societies. Investigations
into traditional use and management of local flora have demonstrated the
existence of extensive local knowledge of not only about the physical and
chemical properties of many plant species, but also the phenological and
ecological features in the case of domesticated species. In addition to its
traditional roles in economic botany and exploration of human cognition,
ethnobotanical research has been applied to current areas of study such as
biodiversity prospecting and vegetation management. It is hoped that, in the
future, ethnobotany may play an increasingly important role in sustainable
devolopment and biodiversity conservation (Rajasekaran & Warren 1994). In interaction with the traditional areas
of science, ethnobotany gives out several interrelated and interdisciplinary
subjects link ethnomedicine,
ethnoarchaeology, ethnobryology, ethnoecology, ethnoagriculture,
ethnonarcotics, ethnopharmacology, etc. Ethnobotanical
investigation has led to the documentation of a large number of wild plants
used by tribal for meeting their multifarious requirements (Anonymous 1990). Studies on ethnobotany was initiated by
Janaki-Ammal as an official programme in the Economic Botany Section of
Botanical Survey of India (Howrah) in 1954. From 1960, Jain started intensive
field studies among tribal areas of central India (Jain 1963 a-e; 1964 a-c;
1965 a-b). These publications in early sixties triggered ethnobotanical activities
in many botanists, anthropologists and ayurvedic medical practitioners. An
AICRP on Ethnobiology came into operation from 1982 at NBRI, Lucknow, and
four centres (Shillong, Howrah, Coimbatore and Port Blair) of Botanical
Survey of India (Jain & Mitra 1997). Mudgal (1987) provided a synoptic
account of ethnobotanical works in India. Binu et al. (1992) compiled the ethnobotanical work carried out in
India. Later, Lalramnghinglova & Jha (1999) reviewed work on ethnobotany
of the World with special reference to India. An important prerequisite for
proper utilization of raw materials of the country is the survey of its
natural resources and the preparation of an inventory. It is necessary that
we should have full knowledge regarding the occurrence, frequency,
distribution and phenology of various plants for their proper utilization.
The forests of Andhra Pradesh have great potentiality both from the economic
and botanical points of view. The State is one of the timber and non-timber
rich forests in India. ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH: A REVIEW Andhra
State was carved out of the
earstwhile Presidency of Madras in 1953 with Kurnool as its capital in
response to the desire of telugu-speaking people. According to the State
Recognition Commission, Andhra Pradesh was formed on November 1, 1956 by the
addition of nine districts, which were formerly in Nizam’s Dominion. Later
on, three more new districts were constituted out of the existing. The 23
districts of the State are grouped into three geographically distinct regions
called Circars or Coastal Andhra (with nine districts), Rayalaseema (with four districts) and Telangana (with 10 districts). While
Edgar Thurston (1909) provided a glimpse of the castes and tribes of southern
India, S.S. Hassan (1920) describes the castes and tribes of H.E.H. the
Nizam’s Dominions. Later, C.V.F. Haimendorf, the British Anthropologist, was
appointed by the Nizam to study the plight of the tribes in his dominion in
the light of tribal unrest in Madras Presidency. Haimendorf (1943, 1945,
1979) published accounts of Chenchus, the Reddis of Bison hills and the Gonds
of Adilabad. These publications carry information largely about the
life-styles, customs, socio-economic conditions and, to some extent, the
crops raised and plants used by the ethnic tribes. Andhra
Pradesh State is ethnobotanically well-explored, most of the work done was
during 1985-2002. The work so far done in the field of ethnobotanical
resources by different workers to help the modern World as well as local
communities in the rein disappearing knowledge and returning it to local
communities in Andhra Pradesh are
reviewed here. Pal
& Banerjee (1971) reported the less-known plant-foods among the tribals
of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Krishnamachari (1900) has reported the use of
the leaves of Erythroxylum monogynum
(Devadari) and the roots of Aloe vera
(Kalabanda) as a food during famine. Hemadri (1976) wrote a paper on the
procurement of raw drugs in Andhra Pradesh. Rao & Hamadri (1979)
published the book on Andhra Pradeshlo
Mandumokkalu (The Medicinal Plants of Andhra Pradesh). Later, Hemadri
wrote two books in Telugu, namely, Andhra
Pradesh lo Vanamulikalu (1987) and Shastravettalanu
Akarshinstunna Girijana Vaidyam (1994). The latter is about the ethnobotany
of various tribes more or less covering the three geographical regions of
Andhra Pradesh. The medicinal plant wealth of Andhra Pradesh by Hemadri et al. (1986, 1987) contains a mere
list of medicinal plants. Ramarao et
al. (1999) published a brief note on phyto-zootherapy of the tribes of
Andhra Pradesh. V. S Raju (2001) made a note on Ethnoveterinary medicine in
Andhra Pradesh, Ratnam & Raju (2005) reported Folk medicine used for common women ailments by Adivasis in the Eastern Ghats
of Andhra Pradesh. S.N.
Jadhav & K.N. Reddy (2006) presented detail account on threatened
medicinal plants of Andhra Pradesh. Bhakshu & Raju (2007) made abstract
account on Ethno-medico-botanical studies of certain medicinal plants and
certain Euphorbiaciaceous medicinal plants of Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh.
Geetha & Raju (2007) made a note on Ethno-medico-botanical properties of Terminalia species in the forests of
Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. There
are ethnobotanical works either based on an ethnic tribe or on phytotherapy
of a disease. Anonymous (1966)
provided the information on Koyas of Andhra Pradesh.
Hemadri (1981) reported the tribal medicine for rheumatism and Hemadri
& Rao (1983, 1984) enlisted the plant species for leucorrhoea,
menorrhagia and jaundice. Ramarao et al. (1984) presented the note on
ethnobotanical studies in Andhra Pradesh while Ramarao (1988) did his Ph.D.
work on the Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh. Vedavathy &
Mrudula (1996) list out the herbal medicines used by Yanadis. Rao &
Prasad (1995) enlisted the ethnomedicines from the tribes of Andhra Pradesh
while R.V. Reddy et al. (1996)
studied the ethnobotany of less-known tuber-yielding plants of Andhra
Pradesh. Vedavathy & Mrudala (1996) reported the Herbal folk medicine of Yanadis
of Andhra Pradesh. Rajendran et al.
(1996, 1997) reported the hepatic stimulant and ichthyotonic plants of Andhra
Pradesh. M.H. Reddy et al. (1996) provided a perspective
of tribal medicine from Rutaceae.
Ramarao & Henry (1996) carried out the publication on Ethnobotany
of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh. C.S. Reddy et
al. (2000)
contains a note on medicinal uses of Hildegardia
populifolia and Pterocarpus
santalinus: Red listed and endemic taxa in Andhra Pradesh. S.N. Jadhav et al. (2001) proceedings of the workshop on conservation
Assessment and Management Planning ( Ethnobotanical work research works carried in Andhra Pradesh are
arranged region wise alphabetically. COASTAL ANDHRA Krishnamurthy
(1958) published a paper on the tribal people of Rampa and Gudem agency of
Godavari lower Division, East Godavari district. Banerjee (1977) & Gupta et al. (1997) has reported the
ethnobotany of Araku valley in Visakhapatnam district. T.A. Reddy (1980) note
down some medicinal plants of Polavaram Agency, West Godavari district.
Nisteswar & Kumar (1980, 1983) reported the phytomedicine from Rampa and
Addateegala Agency, East Godavari district. Rao & Harasreeramulu (1985)
described the selected medicinal plants of Srikakulam district. Sudhakar
& Rao (1985) enlisted the medicinal plants of East Godavari while
Aruneekumar et al. (1990)
enumerated the medicinal plants of Kakinada. The medicinal plant wealth of
Krishna district was described by Venkanna (1990). Hemadri (1991) made a note
of the medicinal flora of Srikakulam district. Sudarshanam & Balaji
(1994) published the medicinal plants of Nellore district used by Yanadis.
M.S. Raju (1996) reported the antidotes to snake-bites and other poisonous
animals from East Godavari. Krishamohan & Bhairavamurthy (1992) and
Vijaykumar & Pullaiah (1998) studied the ethnomedicine of Prakasham
district. Prasad et al. (1999)
documented the food plants of Konda Reddis of Rampa Agency, East Godavari
district. Dahdouh-Guebas
et.al. (2006) Analysing ethnobotanical
and fishery-related importance of mangroves of the East-Godavari Delta
(Andhra Pradesh, India) for conservation and management purposes. K.N. Reddy & Subbaraju (2005) made a note on ethnomedicine from
Maredumilli region of East Godavari district while K.N. Reddy et al. (2005) published a work on
Ethno-therapeutics of certain Ayurvedic medicinal Plants of Kondapalli Fort.
and Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.)
Parker: Red-Listed medicinal plant from Maredumilli region, East Godavari
district. V.L.N. Rao et al. (2006)
made a note of ethnomedicinal practices among Khonds of Visakhapatnam district. K.N. Reddy et al. (2007) enlisted the ethnomedicinal Plants used by the
Valmikis of Visakhapatnam district. Haribabu & T.V.V.S. Reddy (2008) made
a note on Ethnomedicine for women problems in Visakhapatnam district. Lakshmi & Lakshminarayana (2008)
prepare a note on Some traditional medicinal plants used by jatapu tribe of
Vizianagaram district. RAYALASEEMA Hemadri
(1985) reported the medicinal plant wealth of Chittoor district. Rajareddy
& Sudarshanam (1987) reported the veterinary medicinal plants of Chittoor
district while Chettty & Rao (1989) studied the ethnobotany of Sarakallu
and adjacent areas of the district. M.B. Reddy et al. (1988, 1989) surveyed the plants of Chenchu tribe and the
medicinal plant crude drugs of Anantapur district. Nagaraju & Rao (1990a,
b) enlisted the locally scarce and endangered medical plants of Tirumala
hills and the plant crude drugs of Rayalaseema while Thammanna & Rao
(1990) enumerated the common medicinal plants of Tirumala. Vedavathy &
Rao (1989, 1991) published a work on
Nephroprotectors-folkmedicine of Rayalaseema and Antipyretic activity
of six indigenous medicinal plants of Tirumala hills while Vedavathy et al. (1991) prepare a note on
folklore information from Rayalaseema region for family planning and birth
control. Vijayalakhmi (1993) did her M.Phil dissertation work on the Chenchus
of Ahobilam of Kurnool district. K.E. Reddy (1994) did his M.Phil
dissertation work on ethnobotany of Gooty mandal, Anantapur district. R.V. Reddy (1995) did his Ph.D. work on
Ethnobotanical and Phytochemical Studies on Medicinal Plant Resources of
Cuddapah District. Balaji et al.
(1995) carried on folkmedicine of a Rayalaseema region. Sudarshanam et al.
(1995) enlisted the veterinary crude drugs of Rayalaseema region. Vedavathy et al. (1994, 1995) worked on herbal
folk medicine of Tirumala and Tirupati region and for birth control and ante
post-pastrum treatments of chittoor district. R.V. Reddy et al. (1995, 1996) noted the ethnobotany of Aristolochia and reported the
anti-fertility crude drugs from Cuddapah district. Rao et
al. (1996) reported the ethnomedicinal plants of Tirumala hills for
dental disorders. M.H. Reddy et al. (1996) enlisted the phytoterapy
of snake bite in Nallamalais. Goud & Pullaiah (1996) enumerated the folk
veterinary medicinal plants of Kurnool district. Vedavathy et al. (1997) Published a book on Tribal medicine of Chittoor
district. K.N. Reddy (1997) did his M.Phil
dissertation work on ethno-medico-botanical studies of Anantapur district.
Goud et al. (1997) reported
non-timber forest resources in the economy of tribals of Nallamalais. R.V.
Reddy et al. (1997) reported the ethnomedicine
for ephemeral fevers and anthrax in cattle from Cuddapah district. K.N. Reddy
& Raju (1999) enumerated the plants in ethnoveterinary practices in
Anantapur district. K.N. Reddy, et al. (2002) enlisted the
Ethnobotanical plants among the Chenchus of
Nallamalais of Kurnoll district. Pullaiah et al. (2003) report a note on medicinal plants used by the
tribals of Nallamalais. K.N. Reddy et
al. (2007) published a paper on Ethnobotanical studies on medicinal
plants of Seshachalam hills in Cuddapah district. Hema & Yosodamma (2008)
made abstract account on Importance of Medicinal plants of Ardhagiri hill,
Chittoor district. Nazaneen & Shali (2008) report a note on Plants
traditionally used as galactogogue in Nallamalais of Kurnool district.
Khan
(1953) mentioned the ethnobotanical uses of some plant species in his Forest
Flora of Hydarabad. Kapoor & Kapoor (1980) enumerated the medicinal plant
wealth of Karimnagar district. Hemadri (1990) gave a list of plant names,
which are of medicinal value from the districts of Karimnagar and Warangal.
Ravishankar (1990) did his Ph.D on Ethnobotanical Studies in Adilabad and
Karimnagar Districts. In 1996, Pullaiah & Kumar enumerated the herbal
plants in Mannanur forest of Mahabubnagar district. Kumar & Pullaiah
(1998) made a note on Ethnomedicinal uses of some plants of Mahabubnagar
district. K.N. Reddy et al. (1998)
provided the detailed account of plants used in ethnoveterinary practices in
Warangal district. As many 49 additions (added as Appendex) to the Dictionary of Ethnoveterinary Plants of India by S.K. Jain (1999).
There are studied on the ethnobotany of Gonds of Telangana region (Adilabad
district: Ravishankar & Henry
1992; Karimnagar district and Warangal district: Hemadri 1990; C.S.
Reddy et al. 2002 Warangal
district) while the works on Adilabad is about ethnobotany, that of
Karimnagar and Warangal concern ethnoveterinary medicine. Padmarao et al. (1999) published a note on folk
treatment of bone fractures in Ranga Reddy district. C.S. Reddy et. al. (2000) enlisted the folklore
biomedicine of common veterinary diseases in Nalgonda district. Upadyay &
Chauhan (2000) noted the ethnobotany of Gundala mandal, Khammam district.
K.N. Reddy et al. (2001) note on
uses of rare endemic medicinal plant, Heterostemma
deccanense, at Sukkumamidi, Khammam district. The Ph.D. works of Naqvi
(2001) and C.S. Reddy (2001) include chapters on ethnomedicine from
Karimnagar and Warangal districts, respectively. K.N. Reddy (2002) provided
the information for 550 ethnobotanical plants in his Ph.D. work on Khammam
district. K.N. Reddy & Raju,
(2002). Presented paper on ethnobotanical observations on Konda reddis of
Mothugudem in Khammam district. Raju V.S. & Reddy (2005) published
a paper on Ethnobotanic medicine for Dysentery and Diarrhoea from Khammam
district . Murthy et al. (2007) enumerated the Plants used in ethnoveterinary
practices by Koyas of Pakhal Wildlife Sanctury, Warangal district. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is thankful
to Shri G. Ganga Raju, Chairman, Laila Group of Companies, Mr. Rama Raju,
Managing Director, Laila Impex, Dr. G. Trimurthulu, Vice President, Laila
Impex R&D Centre, Mr. B. Kiran CEO, Laila Impex, Vijayawada for their
keen interest and encouragement. Thanks are due to Dr. Ch. Sudhakar Reddy,
Scientist-D, National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad, Dr. V.S. Raju,
Kakatiya University, Warangal, Dr. R.R.V. Raju, Sree Krishnadevaraya
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