ADHD-Abbreviation for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-A syndrome that affects boys ten times more often than girls. The condition coexists with learning disability and behavioral disorders. Symptoms include hyperactivity (sometimes but not always), impulsivity, limited attention span, and sometimes language impairment.

Background knowledge-The knowledge and understandings of the world, which students acquire through their everyday experiences, that help them make sense of what they read.

Basal reader-A set of books produced by a publisher which includes readers for the students, teachers' guides, practice book, testing materials, ditto masters, instructional charts, supplementary books, and sometimes cassettes, disks, and dictionaries. The teachers' guides include specific instructions for activities to accompany the stories read by the students.

Chapter I-A federal funding program now called Title I.

Cueing systems-four types of hints that good readers use to help them determine the author's meaning. The four cueing systems are syntactic cues, semantic cues, graphophonic cues, and background cues.

Dyslexia-Inability to read.

Expository text-Text that sets forth or explains facts such as a science book.

Federal Work Study-A federal campus-based aid program where federal funds are granted to institutions annually for use in paying a portion of earnings for students, based on financial aid eligibility.

Graphophonic-One of four cueing systems which good readers use to help determine meaning. Graphophonic cues refer to single letters or sets of letters, particularly their position in words, and the speech sounds they represent.

I.E.P.-Abbreviation for Individualized Education Program.

Individualized Education Program-A plan of study developed for an individual student by special education personnel, classroom teachers, parents, and administrative personnel which ensures that the student receives a free, appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment. Goals are set and progress is monitored.

LD-Abbreviation for learning disability.

Learning disability-A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written and which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations. Abbreviation is LD.

Meaning processing- The act of understanding the writer's message. It involves predicting, monitoring, and elaborating the author's intended message.

Miscue-An error in translating written words into spoken or subvocal words which can take the form of a substitution, omission, insertion, or repetition of a word.

Narrative text-An account of real or imaginary happenings or a story.

Phonics-A facet of reading instruction teaching speech sounds of letters and groups of letters in words.

Print processing- The act of recognizing words and saying them, silently or orally. It involves predicting, monitoring, and elaborating what the words look like.

Running Record-A method, used in the Reading Recovery Program, of recording miscues as a reader reads.

Schema-A mini-theory about things, people, language, places, and other phenomena in a person's background of experiences.

Semantic-One of four cueing systems used by good readers to help determine meaning. Cues of this type are context hints provided by the meaning of the surrounding words.

Syntactic-One of four cueing systems used by good readers to help determine the author's message. Cues of this type are context hints provided by the order of the words in the sentence or by he type of word expected next.

Title I-A federal program, formerly called Chapter I, through which funds are provided to local, public schools for assistance with the education of children who have specific difficulties, usually in reading or math.

Trade book-A storybook or library book.